I know following codes and the associated troubles with it:
EVAP system trouble: When EVAp system of the car is having a trouble, you receive these codes: P0411, P0440, P0442, P0455
Engine Misfire Trouble: If there is engine misfire in the car, you receive these codes: P0300,P0301, P0302, P0303, P0304, P0305
Fuel Trim Trouble: When there is problem in the fuel system, you receive these codes: P0171, P0174
Catalytic converter sensor; When the sensor of the catalytic converter is broken or trouble, you receive these codes: P0133, P0135, P0141
Oxygen Sensor: when the oxygen sensor is not working, you receive these codes: P0133, P0135, P0141
Coolant Thermostat trouble: When there is a problem with the coolant and when the coolant is empty, you receive P0128 trouble code.
Knock Sensor: When knock sensor of the car is troubling, you receive P0325 trouble code.
And also remember that when you receive trouble codes, don't just ignore it and try to find out the problem and take your car to the service center.