The viscous clutch is there for a reason and from a professional standpoint, running long term with it constantly locked up is never a good idea.
Fuel consumption will be increased by a noticeable amount.
Horsepower will be reduced. Hard to guess a figure on it without doing the proper math but I’d say maybe 10 BHP. The fan blades are at a pretty sharp angle to allow them to push more air and it takes a lot of power to turn them. One of the first mods I do on anything I buy with a longitudinally mounted engine is to remove the fan completely and fit an electric fan with a thermostatically controlled switch mounted directly into the cooling system rather than running off the air temperature in the engine bay.
Added stress on belts, bearings and associated components.
The engine will take longer to reach operating temperature which will in turn have knock on effects,
Again, increased fuel consumption. Temperature sensors will read the engine as cold so the ECU will request extra fuel.
This rich running condition will lead to extra carbon in the engine. Fouled spark plugs which will again affect fuel consumption, fouled valves which could lead to a sticky valve or bad valve seal against the head leading to lower compression. Carbon in the ports which will affect free gas flow leading to a reduction in horsepower.
The oil will take longer to reach optimal temperature. Camshafts, crankshaft, bearings, rings and other components may suffer.